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and by Emperor Frederick II
On 12 August
were not required to pay any taxes
Duke of Lower Lorraine who became the Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
Order of the Holy Sepulchre Size:5XL and by Emperor Frederick IIIn 638 Jerusalem was taken, although it was possible to continue with worship and pilgrimages. At the beginning of the 11th century the Fatimid Caliphate ruled Jerusalem, persecuting Christians, and preventing all kinds of pilgrimage, even destroying the first building of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Only the Orthodox were permitted to remain in Jerusalem but subjected to multiple abuses. Furthermore, the threat of Seljuk Turks advancing towards